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prototype language

  • 1 язык прототипов

    Programming: prototype language (в ООП - ЯВУ, поддерживающий бесклассовое наследование (делегирование) свойств)

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > язык прототипов

  • 2 información textual

    (n.) = textual information, text information, text knowledge, textual data, textual matter, textual document
    Ex. All non-coded ( textual) information which is not to be indexed is kept in the notes area of the record.
    Ex. A multimedia computer system can integrate two or more types of media materials in digital form, such as audio, image, full-motion video, and text information.
    Ex. A prototype, natural language, text-knowledge system has emerged from the project and includes a data base manager to compile the text knowledge and to make it available to navigational commands.
    Ex. Text-numeric databases contain a mixture of textual and numeric data (such as company annual reports) and handbook data.
    Ex. A word processor is simply a computer which is dedicated to the manipulation of textual matter.
    Ex. Interfaces for the following types of resources are of special interest to this workshop: textual documents; statistical data; multimedia or mixed-media data; geospatial data; and genomics and proteomics data = En este traller de trabajo son de interés especial los interfaces para los siguientes tipos de recursos: documentos de texto, datos estadísticos, información multimedia, información geospacial y datos de la genómica y la proteómica.
    * * *
    (n.) = textual information, text information, text knowledge, textual data, textual matter, textual document

    Ex: All non-coded ( textual) information which is not to be indexed is kept in the notes area of the record.

    Ex: A multimedia computer system can integrate two or more types of media materials in digital form, such as audio, image, full-motion video, and text information.
    Ex: A prototype, natural language, text-knowledge system has emerged from the project and includes a data base manager to compile the text knowledge and to make it available to navigational commands.
    Ex: Text-numeric databases contain a mixture of textual and numeric data (such as company annual reports) and handbook data.
    Ex: A word processor is simply a computer which is dedicated to the manipulation of textual matter.
    Ex: Interfaces for the following types of resources are of special interest to this workshop: textual documents; statistical data; multimedia or mixed-media data; geospatial data; and genomics and proteomics data = En este traller de trabajo son de interés especial los interfaces para los siguientes tipos de recursos: documentos de texto, datos estadísticos, información multimedia, información geospacial y datos de la genómica y la proteómica.

    Spanish-English dictionary > información textual

  • 3 interfaz

    f.
    interface (computing).
    * * *
    1 interface
    * * *
    = front end [front-end], interface, front end system.
    Ex. It describes a prototype interface that acts as a front end to a document storage facility, which allows the specification of uncertain queries and combines evidence about the relevance of documents to produce an overall ranking.
    Ex. Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.
    Ex. This article reviews the literature of front end systems designed for the on-line searching of chemical structure data bases.
    ----
    * diseñador de interfaces = interface designer.
    * interfaz de búsqueda = search interface.
    * interfaz de comunicación en paralelo = parallel interface.
    * interfaz de comunicación en serie = serial interface.
    * interfaz de comunicaciones = gateway, proxy.
    * interfaz de conexión = gateway, gateway computer.
    * interfaz de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based interface.
    * interfaz de receptor = host interface.
    * interfaz de usuario = front end [front-end], user interface, front end system.
    * interfaz de usuario final = end-user interface.
    * interfaz en lenguaje natural = natural language interface.
    * interfaz gráfico de consulta imprecisa = graphical browser.
    * Interfaz Gráfico de Usuario (GUI) = GUI (Graphic User Interface).
    * Interfaz Gráfico (GI) = GI (Graphical Interface).
    * Interfaz para Sistemas Automatizados Pequeños = Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI).
    * interfaz por medio de gráficos = graphics interfacing.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * realizar interfaz con = interface to/with.
    * software de interfaz de usuario = front end software, front-end computer software.
    * * *
    = front end [front-end], interface, front end system.

    Ex: It describes a prototype interface that acts as a front end to a document storage facility, which allows the specification of uncertain queries and combines evidence about the relevance of documents to produce an overall ranking.

    Ex: Thus, a predominant feature of such software packages is the user related interfaces, which permit a non-programmer to comprehend and interrogate the data stored.
    Ex: This article reviews the literature of front end systems designed for the on-line searching of chemical structure data bases.
    * diseñador de interfaces = interface designer.
    * interfaz de búsqueda = search interface.
    * interfaz de comunicación en paralelo = parallel interface.
    * interfaz de comunicación en serie = serial interface.
    * interfaz de comunicaciones = gateway, proxy.
    * interfaz de conexión = gateway, gateway computer.
    * interfaz de consulta mediante órdenes = command-based interface.
    * interfaz de receptor = host interface.
    * interfaz de usuario = front end [front-end], user interface, front end system.
    * interfaz de usuario final = end-user interface.
    * interfaz en lenguaje natural = natural language interface.
    * interfaz gráfico de consulta imprecisa = graphical browser.
    * Interfaz Gráfico de Usuario (GUI) = GUI (Graphic User Interface).
    * Interfaz Gráfico (GI) = GI (Graphical Interface).
    * Interfaz para Sistemas Automatizados Pequeños = Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI).
    * interfaz por medio de gráficos = graphics interfacing.
    * interfaz usuario-sistema = user/system interface.
    * realizar interfaz con = interface to/with.
    * software de interfaz de usuario = front end software, front-end computer software.

    * * *
    or
    * * *
    interfaz, interface nm o nf
    Informát interface interfaz común de pasarela common gateway interface;
    interfaz gráfico graphical interface;
    interfaz de usuario user interface
    * * *
    m, interfaz f INFOR interface
    * * *
    interfaz nf, pl - faces : interface

    Spanish-English dictionary > interfaz

  • 4 relativo a la navegación por un entorno gráfico

    (adj.) = navigational
    Ex. A prototype, natural language, text-knowledge system has emerged from the project and includes a data base manager to compile the text knowledge and to make it available to navigational commands.
    * * *
    (adj.) = navigational

    Ex: A prototype, natural language, text-knowledge system has emerged from the project and includes a data base manager to compile the text knowledge and to make it available to navigational commands.

    Spanish-English dictionary > relativo a la navegación por un entorno gráfico

  • 5 développement

    c black développement [dev(ə)lɔpmɑ̃]
    masculine noun
       a. ( = croissance) development
       b. développements [d'affaire, enquête] developments
       c. [de sujet] exposition
       d. [de produit] development
       e. [de photos] developing
    c black   f. [de bicyclette] choisir un grand/petit développement to choose a high/low gear
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ✎ Le mot anglais n'a qu'un seul p.
    * * *
    devlɔpmɑ̃
    nom masculin
    1) (de faculté, science, pensée, d'organisme) development (de of)
    2) (d'entreprise, économie, de pays) development, expansion (de of)

    en plein développement — [pays] rapidly developing (épith); [industrie] fast-growing (épith); [ville, université] rapidly expanding (épith)

    3) (de produit, technique, stratégie) development
    4) Photographie developing
    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    dev(ə)lɔpmɑ̃ nm
    1) [musculature, talents] development
    2) [pays, affaire, économie] development
    3) [produit, logiciel] development
    4) [pellicule] development
    5) (= événement, rebondissement) development
    * * *
    1 (de faculté, science, pensée, d'organisme) development; le développement de l'embryon/du langage the development of the embryo/of language; les développements d'une affaire the developments in an affair; surveiller de près le développement des événements to keep a close eye on how things develop;
    2 (d'entreprise, économie, de pays) development, expansion (de of); pays en voie de développement developing nation ou country; l'entreprise a connu un fort développement dans les années 80 the firm expanded greatly in the eighties; en plein développement [pays] rapidly developing ( épith); [industrie] fast-growing ( épith); [ville, université] rapidly expanding ( épith);
    3 ( croissance) ( de mouvement) growth (de of), spread (de of); (de fraude, chômage) increase (de in), rise (de in); ( d'investissements) increase (de in);
    4 (de produit, technique, stratégie) development; le développement de produits nouveaux development of new products;
    5 Phot developing; détail qui est apparu au développement detail which appeared when the picture was developed;
    6 (de sujet, thème) development; entrer dans des développements oiseux to ramble;
    7 Math (de solide, fonction) development; ( d'expression algébrique) simplification, reduction;
    8 ( en cyclisme) distance covered for each revolution of the pedal; avec un petit développement, on grimpe mieux it's easier to ride uphill in a low gear.
    [devlɔpmɑ̃] nom masculin
    1. [fait de grandir] development
    le développement normal de l'enfant/du chêne a child's/an oak's normal development
    [fait de progresser] development, growth
    3. [exposé] exposition
    4. [perfectionnement] developing
    5. PHOTOGRAPHIE [traitement complet] processing, developing
    [étape du traitement] developing
    8. [déploiement - d'une banderole] unrolling
    ————————
    développements nom masculin pluriel
    [prolongements - d'une affaire] developments

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > développement

  • 6 estándar

    adj.
    standard, conventional, stock, standardised.
    m.
    standard, original, pattern, prototype.
    * * *
    1 standard, standardized
    1 standard
    * * *
    ADJ SM standard
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino standard
    * * *
    = standard, standard, standardised [standardized, -USA], mainline, stock, mainstream, received, commonly seen.
    Ex. Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.
    Ex. A standard is a document available to the public and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits and approved by a body recognized on the national, regional or international level.
    Ex. The function of a thesaurus is to provide a standardized vocabulary for information storage and retrieval systems.
    Ex. This is 'scientific journalism' at its worst, but its standards are not wholly different from those of the mainline press.
    Ex. True personal discrimination cannot be forced by exercises in selecting the good and rejecting the bad by the application of stock critical formulas: it may indeed be stunted.
    Ex. Some children may be constrained by a mainstream curriculum that does not match their ability level.
    Ex. It was interesting, in view of the received opinion that 'We don't have many problems round here'.
    Ex. This typology divides humor comics into commonly seen subject areas, such as teen, kiddie, horror, military, and so on = Esta tipología divide los comics de humor en áreas temáticas conocidas como adolescentes, infantil, terror, militar, etc.
    ----
    * conseguir un estándar = attain + standard.
    * de tamaño estándar = standard-sized, full-sized.
    * estándar de evaluación = benchmark.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * estándar de proceso = processing standard.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * SGML (Lenguaje Estándar Universal para el Análisis Formal de Documentos) = SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language).
    * * *
    adjetivo/masculino standard
    * * *
    = standard, standard, standardised [standardized, -USA], mainline, stock, mainstream, received, commonly seen.

    Ex: Photographs are normally kept in drawers of standard filing cabinets, with folders or pockets, or both.

    Ex: A standard is a document available to the public and aimed at the promotion of optimum community benefits and approved by a body recognized on the national, regional or international level.
    Ex: The function of a thesaurus is to provide a standardized vocabulary for information storage and retrieval systems.
    Ex: This is 'scientific journalism' at its worst, but its standards are not wholly different from those of the mainline press.
    Ex: True personal discrimination cannot be forced by exercises in selecting the good and rejecting the bad by the application of stock critical formulas: it may indeed be stunted.
    Ex: Some children may be constrained by a mainstream curriculum that does not match their ability level.
    Ex: It was interesting, in view of the received opinion that 'We don't have many problems round here'.
    Ex: This typology divides humor comics into commonly seen subject areas, such as teen, kiddie, horror, military, and so on = Esta tipología divide los comics de humor en áreas temáticas conocidas como adolescentes, infantil, terror, militar, etc.
    * conseguir un estándar = attain + standard.
    * de tamaño estándar = standard-sized, full-sized.
    * estándar de evaluación = benchmark.
    * estándar de la industria = industry standard.
    * estándar de proceso = processing standard.
    * mantener un estándar = uphold + standard.
    * SGML (Lenguaje Estándar Universal para el Análisis Formal de Documentos) = SGML (Standard Generalised Markup Language).

    * * *
    standard
    un giro no estándar ( Ling) a nonstandard o substandard expression
    standard
    Compuesto:
    standard of living
    * * *

     

    estándar adjetivo / noun masculine
    standard
    estándar adjetivo & sustantivo masculino standard: el sobre tiene un tamaño estándar, the envelope has a standard size
    ' estándar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    standard
    English:
    gauge
    - standard
    - stock
    - stick
    * * *
    ♦ adj
    standard
    ♦ nm
    standard
    estándar de vida standard of living
    * * *
    m standard
    * * *
    estándar adj & nm
    : standard
    * * *
    estándar adj n standard

    Spanish-English dictionary > estándar

  • 7 ARTFL

       L’ARTFL Project (ARTFL: American and French Research on the Treasury of the French Language) est un projet commun du laboratoire ATILF (Analyse et traitement informatique de la langue française, France) et de l’Université de Chicago (Illinois, Etats-Unis). Une des réalisations de l’ARTFL est la version informatisée du Trésor de la langue française de Jean Nicot. L’ARTFL prépare aussi une version en ligne exhaustive de la première édition (1751-1772) de l’Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des métiers et des arts de Diderot et d’Alembert. 72.000 articles écrits par plus de 140 collaborateurs (dont Voltaire, Rousseau, Marmontel, d’Holbach, Turgot, etc.) font de cette encyclopédie un monumental ouvrage de référence, avec 17 volumes de texte, 11 volumes de planches, 18.000 pages imprimées et 20.736.912 mots. Destinée à rassembler puis divulguer les connaissances de l’époque, elle porte la marque des courants intellectuels et sociaux du 18e siècle. C’est grâce à elle que se propagent les idées du Siècle des Lumières. Le prototype du volume 1 est en ligne.

    Le Dictionnaire du NEF > ARTFL

  • 8 Intelligence

       There is no mystery about it: the child who is familiar with books, ideas, conversation-the ways and means of the intellectual life-before he begins school, indeed, before he begins consciously to think, has a marked advantage. He is at home in the House of intellect just as the stableboy is at home among horses, or the child of actors on the stage. (Barzun, 1959, p. 142)
       It is... no exaggeration to say that sensory-motor intelligence is limited to desiring success or practical adaptation, whereas the function of verbal or conceptual thought is to know and state truth. (Piaget, 1954, p. 359)
       ntelligence has two parts, which we shall call the epistemological and the heuristic. The epistemological part is the representation of the world in such a form that the solution of problems follows from the facts expressed in the representation. The heuristic part is the mechanism that on the basis of the information solves the problem and decides what to do. (McCarthy & Hayes, 1969, p. 466)
       Many scientists implicitly assume that, among all animals, the behavior and intelligence of nonhuman primates are most like our own. Nonhuman primates have relatively larger brains and proportionally more neocortex than other species... and it now seems likely that humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas shared a common ancestor as recently as 5 to 7 million years ago.... This assumption about the unique status of primate intelligence is, however, just that: an assumption. The relations between intelligence and measures of brain size is poorly understood, and evolutionary affinity does not always ensure behavioral similarity. Moreover, the view that nonhuman primates are the animals most like ourselves coexists uneasily in our minds with the equally pervasive view that primates differ fundamentally from us because they lack language; lacking language, they also lack many of the capacities necessary for reasoning and abstract thought. (Cheney & Seyfarth, 1990, p. 4)
       Few constructs are asked to serve as many functions in psychology as is the construct of human intelligence.... Consider four of the main functions addressed in theory and research on intelligence, and how they differ from one another.
       1. Biological. This type of account looks at biological processes. To qualify as a useful biological construct, intelligence should be a biochemical or biophysical process or at least somehow a resultant of biochemical or biophysical processes.
       2. Cognitive approaches. This type of account looks at molar cognitive representations and processes. To qualify as a useful mental construct, intelligence should be specifiable as a set of mental representations and processes that are identifiable through experimental, mathematical, or computational means.
       3. Contextual approaches. To qualify as a useful contextual construct, intelligence should be a source of individual differences in accomplishments in "real-world" performances. It is not enough just to account for performance in the laboratory. On [sic] the contextual view, what a person does in the lab may not even remotely resemble what the person would do outside it. Moreover, different cultures may have different conceptions of intelligence, which affect what would count as intelligent in one cultural context versus another.
       4. Systems approaches. Systems approaches attempt to understand intelligence through the interaction of cognition with context. They attempt to establish a link between the two levels of analysis, and to analyze what forms this link takes. (Sternberg, 1994, pp. 263-264)
       High but not the highest intelligence, combined with the greatest degrees of persistence, will achieve greater eminence than the highest degree of intelligence with somewhat less persistence. (Cox, 1926, p. 187)
       There are no definitive criteria of intelligence, just as there are none for chairness; it is a fuzzy-edged concept to which many features are relevant. Two people may both be quite intelligent and yet have very few traits in common-they resemble the prototype along different dimensions.... [Intelligence] is a resemblance between two individuals, one real and the other prototypical. (Neisser, 1979, p. 185)
       Given the complementary strengths and weaknesses of the differential and information-processing approaches, it should be possible, at least in theory, to synthesise an approach that would capitalise upon the strength of each approach, and thereby share the weakness of neither. (Sternberg, 1977, p. 65)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Intelligence

  • 9 Memory

       To what extent can we lump together what goes on when you try to recall: (1) your name; (2) how you kick a football; and (3) the present location of your car keys? If we use introspective evidence as a guide, the first seems an immediate automatic response. The second may require constructive internal replay prior to our being able to produce a verbal description. The third... quite likely involves complex operational responses under the control of some general strategy system. Is any unitary search process, with a single set of characteristics and inputoutput relations, likely to cover all these cases? (Reitman, 1970, p. 485)
       [Semantic memory] Is a mental thesaurus, organized knowledge a person possesses about words and other verbal symbols, their meanings and referents, about relations among them, and about rules, formulas, and algorithms for the manipulation of these symbols, concepts, and relations. Semantic memory does not register perceptible properties of inputs, but rather cognitive referents of input signals. (Tulving, 1972, p. 386)
       The mnemonic code, far from being fixed and unchangeable, is structured and restructured along with general development. Such a restructuring of the code takes place in close dependence on the schemes of intelligence. The clearest indication of this is the observation of different types of memory organisation in accordance with the age level of a child so that a longer interval of retention without any new presentation, far from causing a deterioration of memory, may actually improve it. (Piaget & Inhelder, 1973, p. 36)
       4) The Logic of Some Memory Theorization Is of Dubious Worth in the History of Psychology
       If a cue was effective in memory retrieval, then one could infer it was encoded; if a cue was not effective, then it was not encoded. The logic of this theorization is "heads I win, tails you lose" and is of dubious worth in the history of psychology. We might ask how long scientists will puzzle over questions with no answers. (Solso, 1974, p. 28)
       We have iconic, echoic, active, working, acoustic, articulatory, primary, secondary, episodic, semantic, short-term, intermediate-term, and longterm memories, and these memories contain tags, traces, images, attributes, markers, concepts, cognitive maps, natural-language mediators, kernel sentences, relational rules, nodes, associations, propositions, higher-order memory units, and features. (Eysenck, 1977, p. 4)
       The problem with the memory metaphor is that storage and retrieval of traces only deals [ sic] with old, previously articulated information. Memory traces can perhaps provide a basis for dealing with the "sameness" of the present experience with previous experiences, but the memory metaphor has no mechanisms for dealing with novel information. (Bransford, McCarrell, Franks & Nitsch, 1977, p. 434)
       7) The Results of a Hundred Years of the Psychological Study of Memory Are Somewhat Discouraging
       The results of a hundred years of the psychological study of memory are somewhat discouraging. We have established firm empirical generalisations, but most of them are so obvious that every ten-year-old knows them anyway. We have made discoveries, but they are only marginally about memory; in many cases we don't know what to do with them, and wear them out with endless experimental variations. We have an intellectually impressive group of theories, but history offers little confidence that they will provide any meaningful insight into natural behavior. (Neisser, 1978, pp. 12-13)
       A schema, then is a data structure for representing the generic concepts stored in memory. There are schemata representing our knowledge about all concepts; those underlying objects, situations, events, sequences of events, actions and sequences of actions. A schema contains, as part of its specification, the network of interrelations that is believed to normally hold among the constituents of the concept in question. A schema theory embodies a prototype theory of meaning. That is, inasmuch as a schema underlying a concept stored in memory corresponds to the mean ing of that concept, meanings are encoded in terms of the typical or normal situations or events that instantiate that concept. (Rumelhart, 1980, p. 34)
       Memory appears to be constrained by a structure, a "syntax," perhaps at quite a low level, but it is free to be variable, deviant, even erratic at a higher level....
       Like the information system of language, memory can be explained in part by the abstract rules which underlie it, but only in part. The rules provide a basic competence, but they do not fully determine performance. (Campbell, 1982, pp. 228, 229)
       When people think about the mind, they often liken it to a physical space, with memories and ideas as objects contained within that space. Thus, we speak of ideas being in the dark corners or dim recesses of our minds, and of holding ideas in mind. Ideas may be in the front or back of our minds, or they may be difficult to grasp. With respect to the processes involved in memory, we talk about storing memories, of searching or looking for lost memories, and sometimes of finding them. An examination of common parlance, therefore, suggests that there is general adherence to what might be called the spatial metaphor. The basic assumptions of this metaphor are that memories are treated as objects stored in specific locations within the mind, and the retrieval process involves a search through the mind in order to find specific memories....
       However, while the spatial metaphor has shown extraordinary longevity, there have been some interesting changes over time in the precise form of analogy used. In particular, technological advances have influenced theoretical conceptualisations.... The original Greek analogies were based on wax tablets and aviaries; these were superseded by analogies involving switchboards, gramophones, tape recorders, libraries, conveyor belts, and underground maps. Most recently, the workings of human memory have been compared to computer functioning... and it has been suggested that the various memory stores found in computers have their counterparts in the human memory system. (Eysenck, 1984, pp. 79-80)
       Primary memory [as proposed by William James] relates to information that remains in consciousness after it has been perceived, and thus forms part of the psychological present, whereas secondary memory contains information about events that have left consciousness, and are therefore part of the psychological past. (Eysenck, 1984, p. 86)
       Once psychologists began to study long-term memory per se, they realized it may be divided into two main categories.... Semantic memories have to do with our general knowledge about the working of the world. We know what cars do, what stoves do, what the laws of gravity are, and so on. Episodic memories are largely events that took place at a time and place in our personal history. Remembering specific events about our own actions, about our family, and about our individual past falls into this category. With amnesia or in aging, what dims... is our personal episodic memories, save for those that are especially dear or painful to us. Our knowledge of how the world works remains pretty much intact. (Gazzaniga, 1988, p. 42)
       The nature of memory... provides a natural starting point for an analysis of thinking. Memory is the repository of many of the beliefs and representations that enter into thinking, and the retrievability of these representations can limit the quality of our thought. (Smith, 1990, p. 1)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Memory

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